Law & Order Episode, Seaon 7: Past Imperfect

"Law & Order" was a crime drama series originally broadcast on NBC from 1990 until 2010. This episode always intrigued me. I've had lots of dealings with lawyers over the years, because of work, and one of those attorneys had a dry, but funny way of saying things, although at times the dry remarks were skewering to others, and this episode always makes me think of him. Whether he's ever seen this episode, I have no idea, but I can imagine him chuckling a little about the last scene in this episode. Many of the episodes of this great series required viewers to pay attention, because there could be twists and turns in the plot and this episode is no exception. 

Main cast for this episode:

Sam Waterston: Executive Assistant District Attorney  Jack McCoy
Steven Hill: District Attorney Adam Schiff
Carey Lowell: Assistant District Attorney Jamie Ross
S. Epatha Merkerson: Lieutenant Anita Van Buren
Jerry Orbach: Detective Lennie Briscoe
Benjamin Bratt: Detective Rey Curtis
René Augesen: Sonja Harlan
Bray Poor: Grant Silverman
David McCallum: Craig Holland
Adam Kaufman: Douglas Burke
Katherine Borowitz: Defense Attorney Marjorie Larson
Kitty Chen: Judge Elizabeth Yee

A birthday party put together by Craig Holland for friend and neighbor Chrissy Sandler turns ugly when Holland finds Chrissy dead in her apartment. The dead woman's son, Douglas, shows up for the party, but he becomes a suspect, as he has had a somewhat rocky relationship with his mother and tests confirm some blood found in Chrissy's apartment is from a blood relative. The medical examiner also finds evidence of violence on the body and the police begin to question people about Chrissy's death. The dead woman is a former model who had had drug problems in the past, and when the police go over her financial records, they find a check for $2500 made out to "cash," with an illegible endorsement signature and no forms of identification noted by the bank teller who cashed the check. This takes the police to the bank where the check was cashed. The bank teller, Sonja Harlan, receives praise from her superior, but also a scolding for not having noted the identification used to cash the check. She claims she must have seen identification, but that she simply forgot to write it down. The police are essentially satisfied and they decide to head over into New Jersey to see Chrissy's mother, who is in a nursing home there and suffering with Alzheimer disease. The elderly lady has good days and bad days, but during her talk, she mentions that her daughter came to visit her fairly recently, although the nurse doesn't believe it to be accurate. So Briscoe and Curtis ask to see the sign in log for visitors. They find a visit to the lady from Sonja Harlan, the bank teller!

The police return to New York City and stop Ms. Harlan as she leaves work. They want to know why she would visit an elderly woman in a nursing home. After some back and forth with the police, she tells them, "She's my mother." Harlan tells the police she didn't disclose the information about her mother, because her mother had given birth to her out of wedlock, and that she (the mother) gave her up for adoption when her mother was 18; "It's not something she was proud of." All of this prompts the police to check on Harlan's movements on the day Chrissy was killed. The bank cameras show Sonja leaving for lunch wearing a white blouse, but then returning later wearing a different blouse and carrying a purse, which she hands off to Grant Silverman, the bank loan officer, and as Lennie Briscoe puts it about Silverman's relationship to Ms. Harlan, "The rumor around the coffee machine is, he's been stamping her bank book for the past few months." (They came up with some clever lines in this series... hahaha) Another video shows Silverman leaving the bank with the purse a little later, and the police theorize that it contains Sonja's white blouse, with her mother's blood on it. Chrissy's neighbor Craig Holland tells the police Chrissy had a purse like the one Ms. Harlan appears with in the bank video, and that the purse is missing from Chrissie's apartment. After obtaining a search warrant for Harlan's apartment (a judge refuses to grant a search warrant for Silverman's home), the police find one of the mother's blouses in Harlan's closet. They arrest Sonja Harlan and take Grant Silverman in for questioning. Silverman tells the police Sonja told him the purse had gym clothes in it. Down the hall, Harlan is under questioning, and she tells the police her mother gave her the purse. Then, when she struggles with her answers, she asks for her lawyer. When the police ask for her attorney's number, she tells them, "You've got him down the hall." In the meantime, Silverman, feeling the pressure, admits that he looked in the purse and that it contained a blouse covered in blood, and that Sonja told him her mother had an accident. When the police questioning Harlan leave her and go to Silverman to ask if he's Sonja's attorney, he says he "represents" Harlan. Sonja Harlan hires a top defense attorney, Marjorie Larson, and she moves to invoke attorney-client privilege regarding Silverman's statement about the blood covered blouse and anything Harlan had told him about what happened to her mother. Judge Yee, the trial judge, agrees and Silverman's testimony is out.*

The police go through Harlan's records from the search of her home and they find that she and Silverman had been checking into the fairly recent death of a wealthy man, Harold Lancer, who was worth $250 million when he died at an area hospital. They also find that Silverman did indeed act as Sonja's attorney, as he wrote the hospital where Harold Lancer died from cancer about Lancer's tissue biopsy. Jamie Ross goes to the hospital where she finds out that the hospital kept a tissue sample from Harold Lancer for cancer research and that Silverman had been in contact with the hospital about that tissue sample. It turns out, Chrissy had told Sonja that she was Harold Lancer's "love child." Then Silverman contacted the law firm representing Lancer's estate about getting Lancer's tissue sample tested, as Lancer had been cremated, and this was now the only means to see if Lancer was Sonja's father. Lancer's will named his heirs as his "wife and his children," but it didn't specify the children by name.** Silverman told the lawyers representing Lancer's estate that if a paternity test proved that Harold Lancer was Sonja's father, that Sonja would pursue a case for a full share of Lancer's estate. The thing is, Sonja needed her mother's cooperation to attest that Lancer was the father to establish a basis for the paternity test. Jack McCoy decides to go to trial with the evidence they have.

At the trial, the main attorney for the Lancer estate testifies about Silverman's contact with him, and about how Harlan, if proven to be Lancer's child, would be entitled to $53 million, as a valid claimant to the estate. Sonja Harlan takes the stand and testifies how it was much easier to trace who her mother was (she and Silverman found a birth record), and then once she found her mother, her mother told Harlan who her father was. Harlan tells the court that her mother was the one who suggested that Sonja pursue legal action to claim part of Lancer's estate, and that this would be a partial remedy for her life in foster homes and "all I've been through." She also testifies that her mother knew she had to sign papers saying that Lancer was Sonja's father, but that her mother wanted to first break the news to her son, but that her mother would have signed the papers if "someone hadn't killed her." McCoy points out that Mr. Silverman likely told Sonja that there was a kind of time limit for her to succeed in her claim, because once the will had gone through probate and the estate had been divided among Lancer's family, it would be extremely difficult for Harlan to make a claim. McCoy presses her as to why her mother hadn't signed the papers after a couple of weeks had passed. Sonja again says that her mother wanted to tell her son about everything first, and that the whole thing was up to her mother. McCoy then asks her if she was willing to walk away from $53 million, and she answers by noting that Silverman, as her attorney, would get a third of the money, and that she would have given her mother some of the money. McCoy theorizes that her mother wanted more money than Sonja was willing to pay her, so she wouldn't sign the paper and that Harlan became angry and killed her mother. Sonja replies that her mother loved her, but McCoy says that wasn't true, that her mother saw Sonja as an accident, and that she only really loved her son (he was the son by her former husband, a rock band star).

During discussions of the case at the DA's office, Jack McCoy decides to try to get Silverman to break over by challenging the "attorney-client privilege" ruling, by asserting that Silverman was an accomplice to his client, Sonja Harlan. McCoy has Silverman arrested and he then meets with Silverman and his lawyer. He lays out the case that Silverman knew Sonja was going to make her mother sign the papers one way or another, but that he did nothing to intercede to prevent violence, and then, once the mother was dead, he helped to dispose of evidence (the bloody blouse). McCoy says it's at least attempted grand larceny. Then McCoy lays out the benefit to Silverman if he testifies that he helped dispose of evidence and also testifies to what Harlan had told him about her mother's death ... that based on the DA's theory of the case, Harold Lancer was Sonja Harlan's father. If Harlan is convicted based on that theory, New York State will accept that as true, which will provide the basis for the paternity test, and if the test proves Lancer was her father, Harlan will get $53 million, with Silverman getting $17 million of that amount. McCoy says further, he would accept a plea of misdemeanor attempted grand larceny and recommend five years probation for Silverman. As Silverman consults with his lawyer, Jamie tells McCoy that he's buying Silverman's testimony, to which McCoy answers, "I just motivated him to tell the truth." Silverman accepts the offer and tells MCoy that Sonja's mother didn't know how she was "when she doesn't get her way...She had so much hate inside her. Her mother should have just signed the damn papers."

McCoy and Jamie meet with Harlan and Marjorie Larson. Larson tries arguing that everything Silverman has now admitted is still privileged, but McCoy answers that Silverman stopped being her attorney once he helped Harlan destroy evidence and he alludes to Judge Yee agreeing with him. He offers 12 1/2 to 25 years as the sentence, and it is accepted by Harlan. She then tells them her mother wouldn't sign the papers, because she admitted that she was a call girl when she got pregnant by Lancer. Her mother was afraid everyone would find out, especially her son, and that even the possibility of all that money wouldn't change her mind. Sonja implies how frustrating it all was, that her mother told her about her father and all of that money, but then she wouldn't help her get the money. Then she says how it was her mother's birthday and the party her neighbor was having, but her mother wanted her (Sonja) to leave, but that her son was invited to the party, "that's who she wanted, him, not me ... That bitch," she calls her mother. Even her attorney cringes.

In the final scene at some later, unspecified date at the DA's office, Jamie tells McCoy and Adam Schiff that the paternity test proved Harlan to be Lancer's daughter, so she will get the $53 million and Silverman will collect his $17 million. Jamie comments, "No wonder everybody hates the legal profession." A bit agitated McCoy tells Jamie to make sure that Chrissy's son gets a copy of Sonja's full confession (allocution in court), so that he'll be able to collect from Harlan and Silverman "when he sues them for his mother's wrongful death." Adam smiles and says...."Lawyers!"       

* I'm not an attorney to agree or disagree with the judgment, but the DA's office argues that if Mr. Silverman were representing Sonja Harlan, he would have told the police that and kept his mouth shut. Marjorie Larson, Harlan's defense attorney, argues that Sonja Harlan believed that Silverman was her attorney, and that this belief is the only thing that counted. It is that argument that Judge Yee accepts.

** To me, this is the weak part of the script, as it's hard to believe that a multimillionaire would have such a loosely worded will, and not an ironclad will written by a top law firm and reviewed by several attorneys of that law firm, although anything is possible.

Photo is of the 2010 DVD set for Season 7 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment 

WORD HISTORY:
Fragrant-This word goes back to Indo European "bhragh," which meant, "to smell, to give off an odor or scent." This gave Italic "fragro," meaning, "to give off a sweet smell, to smell of something" (the beginning Indo European "b" became "f" in Italic). This gave Latin the verb "fragrare," with the same general meaning, and its participle form was "fragrans," meaning, "giving off a sweet smell, smelling of something." English borrowed the word from Latin as "fragrant" in the 1400s.

Law & Order Episode: We Like Mike

This episode originally aired in April 1997 on the NBC television network 

One Sunday morning, Mike Bodak, played by Frank John Hughes, stops to help another man, Matthew Sherman, change a tire. As Bodak walks away to clean his hands at a nearby doughnut shop, he passes a guy on the sidewalk; a Hispanic guy with a dragon tattoo on his hand. A few minutes later Sherman is found dead by his sister. He has been shot in the chest. Detectives Briscoe, played by Jerry Orbach, and Curtis, played by Benjamin Bratt, investigate the murder, aided in a supervisory role by Lieutenant Anita Van Buren, played by S. Epatha Merkerson. After getting some info, they track down Bodak, who is at his wedding rehearsal, and question him. Bodak works a couple of jobs, with his main job being a bellhop at a big hotel. Later, after checking out Bodak's story, they find he wasn't completely honest with them about the time he left work the day of the murder and about a large tip he received from a visiting Saudi prince, so they suspect him of killing Sherman. When the detectives go to Bodak's apartment, he admits that he left work early to go to another job answering calls at a bookie's,* and that he was naturally afraid to tell them about the job. Then they find Matthew Sherman's blood on Mike's jacket. They arrest Bodak at his wedding. During further questioning, he tells them about seeing the Hispanic man with the tattoo, "and he looked kinda scary," which prompts Briscoe to say, "Hey, this is New York, everybody looks scary."** The detectives find Bodak's description of the man is similar to a description of a man who robbed a woman in the same neighborhood, so Mike's story takes on credibility.

After checking around about the Hispanic man, the detectives learn his name is Ricky Garcia, played by Benny Nieves, and that he's been arrested for shoplifting. The plan is to have the lady who was robbed look at a lineup with Garcia in it to see if she can identify him. Garcia is released early and the lady is mistakenly brought to the courthouse where Garcia is being released. She sees Garcia and tells the detectives. They arrest Garcia. This leads them to Garcia's apartment (they have a warrant), where he lives with his brother. They find a pistol and a sock with blood on it, and the brother, played by Fernando López, has Matthew Sherman's wallet on him. When Ricky Garcia is confronted with the evidence, he confesses to the murder, in writing. The case now goes to the District Attorney's office (District Attorney Adam Schiff played by Steven Hill, Executive Assistant DA Jack McCoy played by Sam Waterston and Assistant DA Jamie Ross played by Carey Lowell). It all looks so easy... too easy.

With Garcia's confession, Bodak is released from jail with the apologies of the DA's office, but he naturally still has bitter feelings. Garcia's attorney, a Mr. Shuman, played by Casey Siemaszko, challenges the circumstances of the identification of Garcia by the lady in the courthouse.*** The judge agrees (judge played by Ron Frazier), and the attorney presses on by telling the judge that without the tainted identification, there would have been no search of his client's apartment, and therefore, no gun or bloody sock found. Again the judge agrees, which leaves the DA with only the wallet taken from Garcia's brother. The attorney isn't done, however, and he successfully argues that the wallet alone is not enough to hold his client in jail. The judge agrees and dismisses the charges. Garcia is freed. Now the DA needs Mike Bodak to identify Garcia as the man he saw on the street just prior to Matthew Sherman's murder. When Jamie Ross talks with Bodak, he is more than a little reluctant to get involved, but she tells him in a great way, "(You're) a decent guy who got screwed, but when a decent guy has the opportunity to put a killer behind bars, he stands up." Bodak's basic sense of decency brings him to agree to see if he can identify Garcia from a number of photos. He immediately picks out Garcia, who is then arrested again. His attorney's attempts to get him released fails this time, but the judge refuses to allow the gun (which was identified as the murder weapon) and the bloody sock back in for a trial. Now Bodak drops from sight and communication. Jamie Ross goes to his apartment where his bed has been slashed and where he has received a threatening phone call regarding his identification of Ricky Garcia. Mike wants to stay out of the whole thing, but again, Jamie appeals to his sense of decency and duty by telling him that without his testimony, Garcia will get away with murder.

The police tape and trace a threatening phone call to Mike Bodak that comes from Garcia's brother's workplace. They arrest the brother. Jack McCoy talks with Mike and the father (played by John Doman) of Mike's fiancée, who keeps pressuring Mike to stay out of the case. Still, Mike's decency makes him commit to testifying. Ah, don't breathe easily yet! The trial starts and Jamie comes in to tell McCoy that Bodak can't testify, because he's been arrested while working at a bookie's. The judge grants a recess and Jack McCoy goes to the Bronx**** to make arrangements for Mike Bodak to testify in the Garcia trial, as Bodak was arrested in the Bronx. The problem becomes, Bodak's attorney, played by Stuart Burney, doesn't want Mike to testify, because he's fearful Mike could incriminate himself by having to admit to working at a bookie's, operated by an underworld figure. The Bronx will likely want Bodak's testimony against this operator. Mike tells McCoy, "I don't understand. All I did was help a guy change a tire." As the old saying goes, "No good deed goes unpunished." This young man is in a furnace room and the furnace is about to get much hotter.

Mike chooses to testify and he identifies Ricky Garcia. Now Garcia's attorney asks him about his work for the bookie. The attorney casts doubt on Mike's story that he stopped to help Matthew Sherman and that maybe he stopped to collect a gambling debt for the bookie. The attorney asks Bodak to say exactly what he does for the bookie, but Mike's attorney signals that he should not answer, and Mike invokes his Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate himself. Now the defense attorney asks that Mike's testimony be thrown out, because he can't just selectively answer some questions, but not others. After a brief recess, the judge asks Mike if he will answer the defense attorney's question, but Mike again invokes the Fifth Amendment. As he leaves the stand, the judge tells the jury to completely disregard Mike's testimony and Mike is flabbergasted by the fact that he saw Garcia walking towards Matthew Sherman on the morning of the murder is not being allowed to be considered by the jury. The defense attorney also asks for a dismissal of the charges. McCoy tells Mike that this is it, that he must make a choice, but Mike's own attorney is telling him not to testify further. Mike goes back to the stand and he tells what he did at the bookie's. He then tells the jury that it doesn't matter what they think of him, but that it doesn't change the fact that he saw Garcia. As Mike leaves the stand, Ricky Garcia is squirming in his seat. The jury convicts Garcia. The Bronx district attorney drops the charges against Bodak and Adam Schiff says how important it is to have a decent person like Mike Bodak to help make the criminal justice system work.

Just a comment or two. The one troubling part of the script is how no one heard the shot or shots that killed Matthew Sherman, including Mike Bodak, who had just left Sherman. Otherwise, the script is good and it shows that Mike Bodak isn't a perfect person; after all, he did work for the bookie, a choice he made on his own, but none of us is without our flaws, and the writers didn't make Bodak a totally unblemished character with the aura of an angel.     


* For those unaware, a "bookie" is a place that takes and pays bets for all sorts of activities, although most typically for sporting events. Properly the term is "bookmaker," but "bookie" has long been used in every day speech. They are illegal in many places and they have long been associated with organized crime, which will come into play in this story.

** "Law & Order" was known for some of its sarcastic humor and interesting characters. This episode has both, as the doughnut shop owner is hilarious, but so is the lady neighbor of Bodak's fiancée, and Detective Briscoe gets in his own couple of smarta-- lines that should bring a chuckle; not that I would know anything about smarta-- lines (typed with the most innocent look I could muster).

*** While I'm not a lawyer, the issue about police lineups to have eyewitnesses identify suspects is to have a fair process, with no indication of who the actual suspect is among those in the lineup, who are supposed to be "similar" in appearance. The issue in this episode of "Law & Order" seems to be that the witness was brought to the courthouse by mistake, and then she saw the suspect in the courthouse with his attorney, thus possibly prejudicing her to identify Ricky Garcia. While she actually pointed out Garcia completely independently of the police, the defense attorney was able to convince the judge later that the identification was not fair to the accused, and the judge used the term "tainted" in reference to the identification.    

**** The Bronx is one of the boroughs of New York City. It has its own district attorney; thus, Bodak is out of McCoy's jurisdiction in Manhattan, another borough of New York.   

Photo is of the 2010 DVD set for Season 7 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment

WORD HISTORY:
Aura-This word is related to "air," a word borrowed by English from French, which got it from Latin, which got it from Greek, which got it from Indo European. It goes back to Indo European "awer," which had a notion of "raise, rise." This gave transliterated Ancient Greek "aer," which then produced Greek "aura," meaning, "wind, breeze, moving air." This was borrowed by Latin as "aura," meaning, "air, breath of air, wind." It was borrowed by English circa 1400 with the meaning, "soft breeze," but the sense of "atmosphere" also came to be present, and then used figuratively for "the feeling or sense of atmosphere around, and coming from, some being" (first half of the 1700s?).      

Law & Order Episode, Season 8: Thrill

NBC's "Law & Order" had some disturbing episodes; after all, the cases involved murder. This episode was more disturbing than usual, and I've never forgotten it. Even though the episode displayed a disclaimer about the story being fictional, there is little or no question that it is loosely "based" upon the real "thrill killings" of two men delivering pizza to a remote address that took place in New Jersey just a few months before the "Law & Order" episode. The murders in New Jersey drew national attention. 

Two young guys, Joey Timon and Dale Kershaw, played by Rob McElhenney and Michael Maronna, respectively, call in an order for fried chicken for delivery to a vacant commercial address on a little used street one evening. A 20 year old delivery man, Matt Wheeler, played by Bryan Greenberg, brings the order and he is shot and killed; his money and valuables are not taken, and the police find the address for the delivery is a vacant business place. The murdered man's parents, played by James Handy and Suzanne Costallos, are naturally devastated. The police detectives, played by Jerry Orbach,* Benjamin Bratt and S. Epatha Merkerson, track down the two young guys and they eventually arrest both of them. A female friend of the two men is interviewed by the police and she says the two had talked about wanting to kill someone, just to see how it feels! The legal question becomes, "Which one pulled the trigger?" A witness saw one man chasing the delivery vehicle and shooting, but he can't identify which man it was; so, the authorities can't prove conclusively that both men were present at the driver's murder, nor can they prove which man it was who was seen chasing the vehicle. This leads the separate defense attorneys for the two prisoners to develop a strategy to blame the other guy, figuring that will get their own client off. Executive assistant district attorney Jack McCoy, played by Sam Waterston, gets a court order allowing the district attorney's office (DA) to record phone calls for the guys in jail. To guarantee that only their calls are recorded, they have them put in isolation, where even visitors are separated from the prisoners by glass, having to talk to the prisoners by phone. Timon's uncle, played by Jan Munroe, comes to visit him and the prisoner tells him how scared he is. The uncle tells him he has to take responsibility for his actions and the nephew tells him he shot the delivery man, but he does not implicate Kershaw, and in fact, he never even mentions his name. The uncle tells his nephew that God forgives him. The DA's office is happy, because they now have an admission, but Timon's attorney files to have the recording suppressed, as the uncle is a priest, and they claim the nephew made the confession to his uncle not as his uncle, but as a priest. The Catholic archdiocese goes to court to have the tape suppressed and destroyed. After some wrangling, the judge won't allow the tape to be used against Timon, but he will allow it to be used for Kershaw, because it supports his claim of innocence (remember, during the admission of guilt, Timon never mentioned Kershaw's name). The dead man and his family are Catholic, and the parents can't understand how the Church is helping to protect a murderer.** 

Kershaw's attorney asks the judge to have two separate trials so he can use the tape for his client's defense. Timon's attorney naturally objects, but the judge grants separate trials. The defense attorneys believe there was only one shooter, so only one defendant can be guilty. If one defendant is convicted, the other will go free. Sooooo, McCoy decides to start the two trials simultaneously and argue that both men are guilty of firing the bullet that killed Matt Wheeler! As McCoy's boss, Adam Schiff, played by Steven Hill,*** asks, "You're familiar with the laws of physics?" The judge allows the simultaneous trials, with the second trial to be conducted by assistant district attorney Jamie Ross, played by Carey Lowell. With the recent developments, Timon wants to make a deal with McCoy, and he agrees to testify in court and tell what happened when Matt Wheeler was killed. In return he gets 20 years to life imprisonment and the promise of incarceration in a prison near enough for his mother and uncle to visit him.

In court, Timon tells that he fired first, but that Matt Wheeler pulled away. Kershaw grabbed the gun and chased after the delivery man shooting him. The two pulled the dying young man from his car and stood and watched him die. The Wheelers sit and hear how their son was murdered. Kershaw is convicted and given 30 years to life imprisonment. The Wheelers are allowed to speak. A distraught Mr. Wheeler says that his life has stopped with the murder of his son. He turns to Kershaw seething with anger, but his words won't come out. He takes his seat. Mrs. Wheeler says she agrees with the Church, that Kershaw and Timon deserve God's love and protection, and that she hopes God will watch over them "in that terrible place you are going." As McCoy and Ross leave the courthouse, McCoy asks Ross if she could forgive the two men as Mrs. Wheeler did, and she answers, "No." McCoy agrees that he couldn't forgive them either, but he then asks, "What does that say about us?"  

* Jerry Orbach was a long time actor, primarily on stage and on television. He starred in "Law & Order" as Detective Lenny Briscoe from 1991 until 2004. He died from cancer near the end of 2004.

** "Law & Order" tried to show us in many episodes how our laws do not always work perfectly, but that most of them try to give us protections against too much government power at any level of government. If we suffer at the hands of crime, as the parents lost their son in the story, we're hurt, angry and distraught. We want the guilty to pay and we want them to pay regardless of any rights they may have. That's understandable, very serious emotions are involved, but in the end, the hope is for cooler heads to prevail and to mete out justice according to the law. It isn't easy and the system is not perfect, and don't forget, in spite of the protections that have been assembled since the country's founding for those accused or suspected of crimes, people end up arrested and convicted of crimes they did not commit. The percentage of such failures seems to be small, BUT how about we convict you of something you didn't do. Remember, for much of history (including still today), people were sent to prisons or even executed because that was the wish of nobles or dictators, and those so sentenced had no recourse to have such punishments even reviewed, let alone have the punishments reversed.

*** Steven Hill was a long time actor and starred in "Law & Order" as District Attorney Adam Schiff from 1990 until 2000. He passed away in the summer of 2016 at the age of 94.

 Photo is of the 2015 DVD set for Season 8 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment

WORD HISTORY:
Order-The ultimate origin of this word is unclear, although I'm presently persuaded that it is a distant relative of "arm," ^ as well as a number of other words. This takes "order" back to the Indo European root "ar," which meant, "to fit together." This gave Italic the root "ord/ored," meaning, "to arrange, to make an arrangement (of items)." This spawned Latin "ordo," meaning, "a pattern, a row, a series." Its accusative form, "ordinem," gave Latin-based Old French "ordene," which then became "ordre," meaning, "an arrangement (items put into a regular series), a law, regulation or discipline;" thus also, "people devoted to a religious way of life or discipline" (a religious order of adherents, but later expanded in meaning to include, "group of dedicated military forces, usually with some connection to religion"). English borrowed the word in the first half of the 1200s seemingly with two spellings, "ordre" and "order," with the latter then prevailing. The verb was derived from the noun in the 1200s. The word has taken on expanded meanings over time.

 ^ "Arm" meaning the body part and also meaning 'weapon,' both from the same original source, but with different overall histories. If correct, "order" would also be related to words like "armament," a Latin-derived word borrowed by English from that language, to "armada," a Latin-derived word borrowed from Spanish, to "armor" and to "ordinance," both Latin-derived words borrowed from French, with "ordinance" having strong influence and reinforcement from Latin itself.